ABSTRACT
PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationships among monetary cost (stimulus), perceived greenwash fear, attitude and perceived behavioural control (organism-related factors) and green hotel patronage intention (response) using the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model.Design/methodology/approachA total of 262 valid questionnaires were collected. Data were collected using the purposive sampling method and tested using the partial least squares (PLS) approach.FindingsMonetary cost is positively related to only one organism-related factor which is perceived greenwash fear. All organism-related factors are positively related to response, which is green hotel patronage intention. Attitude mediates the relationship between perceived greenwash fear and green hotel patronage intention, as well as perceived behavioural control and green hotel patronage intention.Research limitations/implicationsA longitudinal study can be performed in the future to observe the actual green hotel patronage behaviour of customers.Practical implicationsGreen hoteliers should focus on the development of communication strategies to enhance their corporate reputation. Green hoteliers also need to build trust by showing their green initiatives are genuine, identify consumers who are willing to pay more for green hotels and offer promotions with price incentives such as frequency discounts, coupons and rebates to increase interest and trialability.Originality/valueFew studies have focused on the use of monetary cost as a stimulus in the S-O-R model to predict green hotel patronage intention. This study also tested the mediating effect of attitude, one of the organism-related factors, in the model.
ABSTRACT
During the COVID-19 pandemic, as Indonesia mobilized to deliver vaccines to the population, an unexpected phenomenon occurred: political parties became directly involved in the vaccine delivery effort. In this article, we draw on online reports and interviews to demonstrate that these campaigns acted as an extension of the patronage politics that dominate the country's political arena. The involvement of political parties had little effect on the national vaccination effort, as parties delivered a relatively small number of vaccines and often targeted areas that already had high coverage. Instead, parties and politicians used these events to strengthen links with constituents and supporters. We identify three main pathways that allowed political parties to access the vaccines: lobbying by members of the national legislature's health commission;through local governments;and by direct executive government access to the national Ministry of Health. This "hijacking" of a national policy for clientelistic purposes provides insight into the presence of intra-party coordination of patronage goods but also demonstrates the personalization and fragmentation of patronage distribution highlighted in the existing literature. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the quality of public healthcare and other services in Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: This study aims to understand customer's assessments of neighborhood stores during the COVID-19 pandemic through the influence of in-store environmental factors on patronage intention. Design/methodology/approach: Online survey with 528 participants about the last shopping trip in neighborhood retail. The authors performed data analysis using structural equation modeling techniques. Findings: High-perceived spatial crowding negatively influences shopping experience value perceptions, while human crowding influences patronage intentions through increased perceived hedonic value. Research limitations/implications: Results suggest that purchase experience at well-known neighborhood stores during a sanitary crisis is becoming less convenience-oriented and a substitute for leisure activities due to social distancing. Practical implications: The findings elucidate the social function of neighborhood convenience retailing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results emphasize that a pleasant shopping experience arising from a good relationship with shopkeepers and other customers is more influential on patronage intention than a good product assortment and store layout. Social implications: This paper contributes to the survival of small neighborhood businesses during the financial crisis installed due to Covid-19 by helping businesses become more attractive to their consumers and competitive in the new context. Originality/value: The combined context of the health crisis due to COVID-19 and neighborhood retail of an emerging country raises the need for tests to better understand established marketing theories. Based on this rationale, this work intends to replicate and extend selected previous findings to the new environment dictated by the pandemic. © 2023, Marcelo Moll Brandão, Arthur França Sarcinelli, Ananda Bisi Barcelos and Luiza Postay Cordeiro.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Chatbots are increasingly used to support COVID-19 vaccination programs. Their persuasiveness may depend on the conversation-related context. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the moderating role of the conversation quality and chatbot expertise cues in the effects of expressing empathy/autonomy support using COVID-19 vaccination chatbots. METHODS: This experiment with 196 Dutch-speaking adults living in Belgium, who engaged in a conversation with a chatbot providing vaccination information, used a 2 (empathy/autonomy support expression: present vs absent) × 2 (chatbot expertise cues: expert endorser vs layperson endorser) between-subject design. Chatbot conversation quality was assessed through actual conversation logs. Perceived user autonomy (PUA), chatbot patronage intention (CPI), and vaccination intention shift (VIS) were measured after the conversation, coded from 1 to 5 (PUA, CPI) and from -5 to 5 (VIS). RESULTS: There was a negative interaction effect of chatbot empathy/autonomy support expression and conversation fallback (CF; the percentage of chatbot answers "I do not understand" in a conversation) on PUA (PROCESS macro, model 1, B=-3.358, SE 1.235, t186=2.718, P=.007). Specifically, empathy/autonomy support expression had a more negative effect on PUA when the CF was higher (conditional effect of empathy/autonomy support expression at the CF level of +1SD: B=-.405, SE 0.158, t186=2.564, P=.011; conditional effects nonsignificant for the mean level: B=-0.103, SE 0.113, t186=0.914, P=.36; conditional effects nonsignificant for the -1SD level: B=0.031, SE=0.123, t186=0.252, P=.80). Moreover, an indirect effect of empathy/autonomy support expression on CPI via PUA was more negative when CF was higher (PROCESS macro, model 7, 5000 bootstrap samples, moderated mediation index=-3.676, BootSE 1.614, 95% CI -6.697 to -0.102; conditional indirect effect at the CF level of +1SD: B=-0.443, BootSE 0.202, 95% CI -0.809 to -0.005; conditional indirect effects nonsignificant for the mean level: B=-0.113, BootSE 0.124, 95% CI -0.346 to 0.137; conditional indirect effects nonsignificant for the -1SD level: B=0.034, BootSE 0.132, 95% CI -0.224 to 0.305). Indirect effects of empathy/autonomy support expression on VIS via PUA were marginally more negative when CF was higher. No effects of chatbot expertise cues were found. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that expressing empathy/autonomy support using a chatbot may harm its evaluation and persuasiveness when the chatbot fails to answer its users' questions. The paper adds to the literature on vaccination chatbots by exploring the conditional effects of chatbot empathy/autonomy support expression. The results will guide policy makers and chatbot developers dealing with vaccination promotion in designing the way chatbots express their empathy and support for user autonomy.
ABSTRACT
This essay traces how sailors aboard wooden sailing vessels (dhows) negotiate mobility across the Indian Ocean, revealing their precarious conditions preceding the COVID-19 pandemic that came to the fore after 2020. Focusing on Yusuf, a sailor in captivity in Iran during the pandemic, the essay suggests that the pandemic shone new light on preexisting patronage relations. However, these relations were creatively harnessed by laborers in times of crisis. Accustomed to sanctions regimes that restricted movement even before the pandemic, Yusuf facilitated his release through new patronage networks that built on his previous experiences of precarity. Rather than seeing this pandemic as a rupture, the essay argues that it led to an intensification of preexisting labor relations, such as patronage. The COVID-19 pandemic saw contagion, threat, vulnerability, devaluation, and precarity being used widely;however, these ideas were sutured to the Global South long before this pandemic, through sanctions regimes, occupation, and conflicts that restricted movement and disrupted supply chains. Patronage, then, was one mode in which maritime laborers navigated a geopolitical realm suffused with the language of threat and contagion. This essay charts a complex geopolitical reordering across the Global South, one not always mediated by the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of History of the Present is the property of Duke University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
ABSTRACT
Brower showed how the military governor-general of Russian Turkestan, K. P. von Kaufman, challenged the Ministry of the Interior's plans to ban the issuance of hajj passports due to cholera. "Enraged pilgrims waiting for quarantine at Klazomen aboard the Çar steamship", the Ottoman Interior Ministry reported, "sought to destroy the quarantine stations, even though cholera appeared amongst them." When COVID upended life in New York in March 2020, the blaring of ambulances became an unwelcome soundtrack to contemplating pandemics past and present. "The Hajj Pilgrimage Is Canceled, and Grief Rocks the Muslim World.". [Extracted from the article] Copyright of History of the Present is the property of Duke University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
ABSTRACT
To systematically investigate factors affecting consumers' restaurant patronage decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study drew on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to (1) evaluate how threat and coping appraisal (i.e., PMT factors) may vary based on socio-demographics and COVID-19 situational characteristics, and (2) determine if PMT factors influence actual restaurant patronage behaviors. Furthermore, the current study examined consumers' perceptions of health-protective actions that restaurateurs could take to minimize consumer risk of contracting COVID-19. Data were collected from U.S. adults (N = 627) using an online crowdsourcing platform in early May 2020. Findings showed significant relationships between socio-demograhic factors and perceived severity and/or vulnerability to COVID-19, along with concerns of coping with the virus for in-restaurant dining. For take-out/delivery patronage, coping concerns were greater for those with lower education levels and those with more health concerns than their counterparts. Furthermore, consumers' higher levels of coping appraisal predicted their higher take-out/delivery frequency. Results also suggested actions that restaurateurs could take that would influence consumers' restaurant patronage decisions. This study provides new insights related to PMT in the context of restaurants in a pandemic situation and practical information for restaurateurs to recover and prepare for future pandemics or similar crises.
ABSTRACT
To systematically investigate factors affecting consumers' restaurant patronage decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study drew on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to (1) evaluate how threat and coping appraisal (i.e., PMT factors) may vary based on socio-demographics and COVID-19 situational characteristics, and (2) determine if PMT factors influence actual restaurant patronage behaviors. Furthermore, the current study examined consumers' perceptions of health-protective actions that restaurateurs could take to minimize consumer risk of contracting COVID-19. Data were collected from U.S. adults (N = 627) using an online crowdsourcing platform in early May 2020. Findings showed significant relationships between socio-demograhic factors and perceived severity and/or vulnerability to COVID-19, along with concerns of coping with the virus for in-restaurant dining. For take-out/delivery patronage, coping concerns were greater for those with lower education levels and those with more health concerns than their counterparts. Furthermore, consumers' higher levels of coping appraisal predicted their higher take-out/delivery frequency. Results also suggested actions that restaurateurs could take that would influence consumers' restaurant patronage decisions. This study provides new insights related to PMT in the context of restaurants in a pandemic situation and practical information for restaurateurs to recover and prepare for future pandemics or similar crises.
ABSTRACT
PurposeDespite retail digitisation and research efforts focussed on online and omnichannel shopping, there is insufficient knowledge regarding retail patronage formation in the grocery category, where in-store sales dominate. This study analyses the retail patronage formation in grocery in-store fill-in shopping.Design/methodology/approachThe authors designed a questionnaire to measure retail patronage behaviour, consumer satisfaction (CS), store attributes evaluation and e-retail usage. Then, the authors analysed the path structure for retail patronage behaviour formation using structural equation modelling. Additionally, they performed a mediation analysis using the bootstrap method and a moderation analysis based on a chi-square difference test.FindingsThis study provides three main findings. First, the authors' model has two ways to increase Share-of-Wallet (SOW). One is to increase Share-of-Visits (SOV) and another is to increase CS amongst non-users of e-retailing. Second, the results of the moderation analysis suggest the influence of customers' use or non-use of e-retailing on SOW formation. Third, service evaluation plays an interesting role in the overall model: the lower the assessment of service, the higher the SOV;the higher the evaluation of service, the greater the CS;the greater the CS, the higher the SOV.Originality/valueThe authors proposed the framework for the relative retail patronage formation in grocery fill-in shopping to examine the relationship between two relative patronage indicators (SOW and SOV) in the path structure and the mediating effect of CS and the moderating effect of e-retailing usage on retail patronage formation.
ABSTRACT
The Popular Mobilisation Units' (PMU) rise in Iraq resulted from a de facto, post-2003 hybridization of security governance, opposed to an emergency measure to combat Islamic State after 2014. Rather than a cohesive sectarian movement, the PMU moniker granted a government veneer to an array of pre-existing or new militias, representing a decentralized Shi'a Arab mobilisation prior to 2014, symptomatic of Iraq's divisive patronage politics. Perceived by the US and the Arab world as ‘pro-Iranian Shi'a militias', as a spoiler to Iraq's sovereignty, and an Iranian means of securing its control over Baghdad, while some militias began as NSAAs, the PMU have evolved into quasi-state actors by becoming part of the state, but not under its complete control. Ultimately, their power within Iraq is constrained by the other political institutions, such as the electoral cycle, the Shi'a clerical establishment, and a protest movement, in addition to a pandemic, Covid-19.
ABSTRACT
In the United States, more than 110,000 restaurants permanently closed due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet many restaurants remained open, albeit under very different operating conditions. In light of evolving mandates and consumers' COVID-19 risk perceptions, restaurants faced the challenging task of determining how to communicate COVID-19 protective practices. Recommended COVID-19 protective messages varied and were dependent on whether restaurants offered indoor dining, takeout, or delivery options. Drawing from U.S. government recommendations and persuasion theory, two studies examine the direct and mediation effects of protective messaging advertised by restaurants on patronage intentions and consider consumer levels of concern about the virus as a moderator. Serial moderated mediation results indicate that communicating protective measures for takeout and patio dining services appeared to be most effective during this pandemic. Moreover, results extend to protective messages presented as both primary advertisement claims and voluntary disclosures footnoted at the bottom of an advertisement. Results have implications for restaurants that offer multiple dining options and provide useful consumer communication protection options for the present and future pandemics.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study aimed to examine the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on patronage to unhealthy eating establishments in populations with obesity. Methods: Anonymized movement data accounting for roughly 10% of devices in the United States at 138,989 unhealthy eating locations from December 1,2019, through April 2020 and the percentage of adults with obesity, the poverty rate, and the food environment index in 65% of United States counties were collected and merged. A cluster corrected Poisson spline regression was performed predicting patronage by day, the percentage of adults with obesity in the establishment's county, the county's poverty rate, and its food environment index, as well as their interactions. Results: Patronage to unhealthy eating establishments was higher where there was a higher percentage of the adult population with obesity. A similar pattern was observed for counties with a lower food environment index. These disparities appear to have increased as the COVID-19 pandemic spread. Conclusions: These results suggest unhealthy eating patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic are higher in already at-risk populations. Policy makers can use these findings to motivate interventions and programs aimed at increasing healthy food intake in at-risk communities during crises.
ABSTRACT
Urban passenger transport is one of the most significant sources of fossil energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, especially in developing countries. The rapid growth of urban transport makes it a critical target for carbon reduction. This paper establishes a method for calculating carbon emission from urban passenger transport including ground buses, private cars, cruising taxis, online-hailing taxis, and rail transit. The scope of the study is determined according to the transportation mode and energy type, and the carbon emission factor of each energy source is also determined according to the local energy structure, etc. Taking into consideration the development trend of new energy vehicles, a combination of “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches is used to estimate the carbon dioxide emission of each transportation mode. The results reveal that carbon emission from Qingdao’s passenger transport in 2020 was 8.15 million tons, of which 84.31% came from private cars, while the share of private cars of total travel was only 45.66%. Ground buses are the most efficient mode of transport. Fossil fuels emit more greenhouse gases than other clean energy sources. The emission intensity of hydrogen fuel cell buses is better than that of other fuel type vehicles. Battery electric buses have the largest sensitivity coefficient, therefore the carbon emission reduction potentially achieved by developing battery electric buses is most significant.
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria using the quasi-experimental research design. Specifically, the study was designed to address three (3) key concerns-how the Covid-19 pandemic impacted on the level of profitability, customers’ patronage and product supply shortages using SMEs owners and hired managers in Warri, Asaba and Ughelli metropolis in Delta State of Nigeria. To do this, a questionnaire was sent to one hundred and thirty (130) respondents and data obtained were analyzed by means of both descriptive (simple percentage, mean, median, standard deviation, variance, skewness and correlation) and inferential (regression and variance inflation factor – VIF) statistical techniques. The findings of the study indicated thattheCovid-19 pandemic negatively and significantly affected the level of profitability, customers’ patronage levels and product supply shortages of SMEs in Delta State of Nigeria. On the basis of the findings, it is recommended, among other things, that the Nigerian government should provide more funds for SMEs;such funds are required to cushion the negative impacttheCovid-19 pandemic imposes on SMEs level of profitability, customers’ patronage and product supply shortages. Again, the government and regulatory agencies of SMEs should gear efforts towards organizing seminars on how businesses can be carried out in a pandemic;this would further pave the way for enhancing SMEs operators’ knowledge on how businesses can be carried out when a pandemic surfaces now or in the future. © 2022 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved.
ABSTRACT
Enmig d'una India colpejada per la pandemia de COVID-19, aquest trebali va nålxer com una Investigado autoetnogr&acaron;flca i analítica d'una indagació etnografica qualitativa i multimodal sobre una tradíció de dansa d'arts marcials, Lathi Khela, feta en 2017-2018. Aquesta practica, que es va desenvolupar com un art marcial durant l'epoca colonial d'una Bengala encara sense dividir, amb poc o gens de patrocini, encara viu hui en dia com una tradició popular de ball d'arts marcials en els múltiples districtes i comunitats rurals de Bangladesh. El grup de Lathi Khela del districte Narail de Bangladesh, comparat amb uns altres districtes, ha continuat amb aquesta practica a través de metodes innovadors. El caracter distintiu del districte es regeix pels coneixements que articula i encarna, els practicants multigeneracionals de Lathi Khela i les seues coreografies creatives, i des de 2008, aquesta professió, abans dominada pels homes, ara també inclou dones. Aquest article se centra en el paper del genere en la continuí'tat de la tradició del Lathi Khela en aquest districte, amb cinc entrevistes demostratives i semiestructurades que aprofundeixen en el camp. També es basa en una conversa encara en curs per Facebook amb Rahat, un vetera practicant de Lathi Khela, que avalua el panorama cultural actual de COVID-19. D'una banda, les dones d'aquest districte ocupen un espai disputat en que representen aquesta tradició dominada pels homes i, de l'altra, viuen les seues vides i els seus cossos dins dels limits patrilineals del parentiu i el matrimoni. La performativitat del genere esta així directament connectada amb el significat simbolic de maan, és a dir, el prestigi atribuit al cos femení dins dels contextos socioculturals del Lathi Khela.Alternate :In the midst of a COVID-19 pandemic-struck India, this paper was born as an autoethnographic and analytical inquiry;it presents qualitative and multimodal research into a martial arts dance tradition, Lathi Khela, conducted from 2017 to 2018. This practice developed as a martial art, with little or no patronage, during the colonial days of the still undivided Bengal. Indeed, it still lives on as a popular martial arts dance tradition in many districts and rural communities of Bengaluru, Bangladesh. Compared to other districts, the Lathi Khela group from the Narail district has continued this practice through innovative methods. The distinctive character of the district is governed by the multi-generational practitioners of Lathi Khela and their creative choreographies, as well as the knowledge it articulates and embodies. Moreover, in Narail, this previously male-dominated profession has also included women since 2008. The focus of this work was the role of gender in the continuity of the Lathi Khela tradition in this district. This was achieved through five semi-structured, demonstrative interviews intuitively applied in the field. The research also drew on an ongoing conversation on Facebook with Rahat, a veteran Lathi Khela practitioner, who took stock of the current cultural landscape in the context of COVID-19. On the one hand, the women of this district occupy a contested space when representing this maledominated tradition, and on the other, they physically embody lives within the patrilineal boundaries of kinship and marriage. The performativity of gender is thus directly connected to the symbolic meaning of maan, that is, the prestige attributed to the female body within the sociocultural contexts of the Lathi Khela.
ABSTRACT
Este artículo corresponde a una sistematización que registra y analiza críticamente la experiencia de intervención del Voluntariado Popular El pueblo ayuda al pueblo, iniciativa impulsada por estudiantes y titulados de la Universidad Arturo Prat bajo el patrocinio de la Mesa Interina. Los voluntarios se organizan con el objetivo de prestar apoyo asistencial a jóvenes estudiantes de esta casa de estudios en el contexto de la crisis sanitaria provocada por la COVID-19;sin embargo, el impacto económico y social de la pandemia los motiva a ampliar sus objetivos. Situados en barrios vulnerables de la comuna de Alto Hospicio, contribuyen a la gestión de comedores solidarios que van proliferando, a través de campañas para la entrega de raciones alimentarias, además de campañas educativas y socio-recreativas. La implementación de este voluntariado universitario está enmarcada en la metodología comunitaria con enfoque asistencial. Interpela el rol de la universidad pública frente a las crisis que afectan a los territorios donde se emplazan;así, desde la responsabilidad social universitaria se tiene el deber de contribuir con pertinencia a las necesidades del entorno, reconociendo la función del voluntariado universitario como un mecanismo de vinculación que se articula con el desarrollo de competencias profesionales, transversales, los valores institucionales y la generación de conocimiento.Alternate : This article corresponds to a systematization that records and critically analyzes the intervention experience of the Popular Volunteer “The people help the people”, an initiative promoted by students and graduates of the Arturo Prat University, under the patronage of the Interim Board. The volunteers are organized with the aim of providing care support to young students of this house of studies in the context of the health crisis caused by COVID-19;however, the economic and social impact of the pandemic motivates them to expand their objectives. Located in vulnerable neighborhoods of the Alto Hospicio Commune, they contribute to the management of community dining rooms that are proliferating, through campaigns for the delivery of food rations, as well as educational and socio-recreational campaigns. The implementation of this university volunteering is framed in the community methodology with a care approach. It questions the role of the public university in the face of the crises that affect the territories where they are located;Thus, from its university social responsibility, it has the duty to contribute with relevance to the needs of its environment, recognizing the function of university volunteering as a linkage mechanism that is articulated with the development of professional, transversal skills, institutional values and the generation of knowledge.
ABSTRACT
Our research framework in this paper investigated natural-based solutions (NBSs) at green hotels. We employed attention restoration theory (ART) to test the mediating effect of perceived stress (PS), psychological wellness (PW), satisfaction (SA), and the moderating effect of health consciousness (HC) on re-patronage intentions (RI). Data were collected through a survey of 544 customers who frequently visited green hotels in Korea, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the research hypotheses. The findings generally supported the hypothesized associations of the study variables within our proposed theoretical framework (PS, PW, SF) in order of the mediating effect on RI and confirmed the moderating effect of HC. In addition, the study’s results have important theoretical and practical implications for the environment. In the former case, our results demonstrate the application of ART and NBS by explaining the effect of the relationship among PS, PW, and SF on RI and confirm the mediating effect of the ART (PS, PW, SF) on RI, as demonstrated in previous studies. Moreover, in the latter case our results may encourage green hotels to participate in the prevention of environmental problems.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to study the context of Praewa Ban Phon silk cooperative, impact and coping strategies of the cooperative to the epidemic of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) of the Praewa Ban Phon silk cooperative, Kham muang district, Kalasin province. Semi-structured interview was used to interview key informants. The result showed that the cooperative was established in 1978 in the name of the Housewife group under the foundation for the promotion of supplementary occupations and related techniques under the royal patronage of her majesty the queen Sirikit. In 2008, it was registered as Praewa Ban Phon silk cooperative. At present, it has 792 members across 4 districts in Kalasin province. The cooperative acts as the center to sell the products by buying the products from its members and other entrepreneurs. Dividend is shared among the members at the end of the year. The outbreak of the COVID-19 reduced income of the cooperative. Before the outbreak, net income of the cooperative were 57,989 baht and 261,292 baht in 2018 and 2019, respectively. After the COVID-19 hit in 2020, the cooperative lost 159,071 baht because the main marketing channel which is at the cooperative as well as other channels in the fair organized by the local government were shut. The cooperative coped with that situation by stopping buying the products from members and gradually sold the products in the stock. At the same time, it allowed members to sell the products to other buyers in order to keep the income to the member. Online marketing by Facebook page was one of coping strategies of the cooperative. According to those coping strategies, in 2021, the cooperative had net income of 20,637 baht.
ABSTRACT
Important people owned and/ or marked in copies of French or English versions of the work, including kings and queens of both France and England too numerous to list, French royal ministers such as Louis XlV's minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert (16191683);Napoleon's chief aide-de-camp, Baron Gourgaud;and Napoleon himself.3 In England, George I gave a copy4 of the Fayttes to the Cambridge University Libraries in 1715;by 1773, George III perhaps missed it or perhaps was thinking of events taking place across the Atlantic, for he bought another copy, one bearing numerous marginal notes.5 Much later, Winston Churchill may have had access to his family's copy of Caxton's translation.6 Perhaps more surprising is that non-elite people of several stations, as well as several women, owned (and/or left marginalia in) copies. Never having gone to war, trained soldiers, or used gunpowder herself, Christine could not self-authorize as, for example, Chaucer had had his Wife of Bath do, voicing her reliance on "experience, though noon auctoritee" on the subject of marriage.7 Christine's subject matter called for a different authorizing epistemology, and she provided it amply in text and paratext, in rhetoric and visual representation.8 But posthumously, how did her auctoritas withstand sociopolitical changes, the end of the Hundred Years' War, changes in the technology of warfare, mediation into the wider distribution of print, and a Deleuzean déterritorialisation into the "frenemy" territory of England? After Christine's death, another kind of social capital, a sociopolitical and (in the end) economic authority, became attached to her work, in part because so many well-made manuscript copies and printed editions have survived in both French and English, and in part because so many of them later became rare collectibles. [...]although it is possible to reconstruct provenance that includes people well outside France and England (such as the known owners in Russia, Switzerland, and Japan), I concentrate here on owners of and markers in the English copies, who are mostly English people in England, signaling a few who were French, Welsh, and, later, American.